The Amboseli elephants comprise one of the few populations of free-living large mammals in the world for which there are complete and accurate life table data.
Life tables are a way of viewing the probabilities of death for elephant males and females at different ages. Here, we provide standard life tables from survival analysis in 5 year bins for all known deaths (n = 407 females, 534 males), and a second table excluding the cases where we know that humans were involved in the death (spearing, poaching, poisoning, or where other human activities caused the death).
Each life table shows out of the number of individuals born, the number that died in each five year period (number of terminal events), and those that survived (proportion surviving) . Individuals whose fate can not be determined are “withdrawn”. The survival analysis also predicts the “hazard” of death for individuals within each age group. The “Std Error” provides a statistical estimate of the precision of the values. The tables presented below are one more example of the unique contribution of ATE to the science base of elephant conservation.
| Life Tables: all deaths |
| Sex |
Interval Start Time |
Number Entering Interval |
Number Withdrawing during Interval |
Number Exposed to Risk |
Number of Terminal Events |
Proportion Terminating |
Proportion Surviving |
Cumulative Proportion Surviving at End
of Interval |
Std. Error of Cumulative Proportion
Surviving at End of Interval |
Probability Density |
Std. Error of Probability Density |
Hazard Rate |
Std. Error of Hazard Rate |
| Female |
|
0 |
1244 |
169 |
1159.500 |
186 |
.16 |
.84 |
.84 |
.01 |
.032 |
.002 |
.03 |
.00 |
| 5 |
889 |
173 |
802.500 |
12 |
.01 |
.99 |
.83 |
.01 |
.003 |
.001 |
.00 |
.00 |
| 10 |
704 |
116 |
646.000 |
15 |
.02 |
.98 |
.81 |
.01 |
.004 |
.001 |
.00 |
.00 |
| 15 |
573 |
85 |
530.500 |
25 |
.05 |
.95 |
.77 |
.01 |
.008 |
.001 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 20 |
463 |
76 |
425.000 |
24 |
.06 |
.94 |
.73 |
.02 |
.009 |
.002 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 25 |
363 |
86 |
320.000 |
31 |
.10 |
.90 |
.66 |
.02 |
.014 |
.002 |
.02 |
.00 |
| 30 |
246 |
12 |
240.000 |
21 |
.09 |
.91 |
.60 |
.02 |
.011 |
.002 |
.02 |
.00 |
| 35 |
213 |
40 |
193.000 |
19 |
.10 |
.90 |
.54 |
.02 |
.012 |
.003 |
.02 |
.00 |
| 40 |
154 |
47 |
130.500 |
24 |
.18 |
.82 |
.44 |
.03 |
.020 |
.004 |
.04 |
.01 |
| 45 |
83 |
17 |
74.500 |
12 |
.16 |
.84 |
.37 |
.03 |
.014 |
.004 |
.04 |
.01 |
| 50 |
54 |
4 |
52.000 |
16 |
.31 |
.69 |
.26 |
.03 |
.023 |
.005 |
.07 |
.02 |
| 55 |
34 |
1 |
33.500 |
9 |
.27 |
.73 |
.19 |
.03 |
.014 |
.004 |
.06 |
.02 |
| 60 |
24 |
4 |
22.000 |
7 |
.32 |
.68 |
.13 |
.03 |
.012 |
.004 |
.08 |
.03 |
| 65 |
13 |
4 |
11.000 |
5 |
.45 |
.55 |
.07 |
.02 |
.012 |
.005 |
.12 |
.05 |
| 70 |
4 |
3 |
2.500 |
1 |
.40 |
.60 |
.04 |
.03 |
.006 |
.005 |
.10 |
.10 |
| Male |
|
0 |
1211 |
176 |
1123.000 |
221 |
.20 |
.80 |
.80 |
.01 |
.039 |
.002 |
.04 |
.00 |
| 5 |
814 |
171 |
728.500 |
33 |
.05 |
.95 |
.77 |
.01 |
.007 |
.001 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 10 |
610 |
102 |
559.000 |
29 |
.05 |
.95 |
.73 |
.01 |
.008 |
.001 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 15 |
479 |
73 |
442.500 |
63 |
.14 |
.86 |
.62 |
.02 |
.021 |
.002 |
.03 |
.00 |
| 20 |
343 |
64 |
311.000 |
52 |
.17 |
.83 |
.52 |
.02 |
.021 |
.003 |
.04 |
.01 |
| 25 |
227 |
39 |
207.500 |
36 |
.17 |
.83 |
.43 |
.02 |
.018 |
.003 |
.04 |
.01 |
| 30 |
152 |
8 |
148.000 |
30 |
.20 |
.80 |
.34 |
.02 |
.017 |
.003 |
.05 |
.01 |
| 35 |
114 |
15 |
106.500 |
27 |
.25 |
.75 |
.26 |
.02 |
.017 |
.003 |
.06 |
.01 |
| 40 |
72 |
16 |
64.000 |
15 |
.23 |
.77 |
.20 |
.02 |
.012 |
.003 |
.05 |
.01 |
| 45 |
41 |
12 |
35.000 |
16 |
.46 |
.54 |
.11 |
.02 |
.018 |
.004 |
.12 |
.03 |
| 50 |
13 |
3 |
11.500 |
3 |
.26 |
.74 |
.08 |
.02 |
.006 |
.003 |
.06 |
.03 |
| 55 |
7 |
2 |
6.000 |
2 |
.33 |
.67 |
.05 |
.02 |
.005 |
.003 |
.08 |
.06 |
| 60 |
3 |
0 |
3.000 |
2 |
.67 |
.33 |
.02 |
.02 |
.007 |
.004 |
.20 |
.12 |
| 65 |
1 |
0 |
1.000 |
1 |
1.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.003 |
.003 |
.40 |
.00 |
| Life Table: Natural mortality only |
| Sex |
Interval Start Time |
Number Entering Interval |
Number Withdrawing during Interval |
Number Exposed to Risk |
Number of Terminal Events |
Proportion Terminating |
Proportion Surviving |
Cumulative Proportion Surviving at End
of Interval |
Std. Error of Cumulative Proportion
Surviving at End of Interval |
Probability Density |
Std. Error of Probability Density |
Hazard Rate |
Std. Error of Hazard Rate |
| Female |
|
0 |
1096 |
169 |
1011.500 |
160 |
.16 |
.84 |
.84 |
.01 |
.032 |
.002 |
.03 |
.00 |
| 5 |
767 |
173 |
680.500 |
9 |
.01 |
.99 |
.83 |
.01 |
.002 |
.001 |
.00 |
.00 |
| 10 |
585 |
116 |
527.000 |
7 |
.01 |
.99 |
.82 |
.01 |
.002 |
.001 |
.00 |
.00 |
| 15 |
462 |
85 |
419.500 |
14 |
.03 |
.97 |
.79 |
.01 |
.005 |
.001 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 20 |
363 |
76 |
325.000 |
3 |
.01 |
.99 |
.78 |
.01 |
.001 |
.001 |
.00 |
.00 |
| 25 |
284 |
86 |
241.000 |
11 |
.05 |
.95 |
.75 |
.02 |
.007 |
.002 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 30 |
187 |
12 |
181.000 |
9 |
.05 |
.95 |
.71 |
.02 |
.007 |
.002 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 35 |
166 |
40 |
146.000 |
8 |
.05 |
.95 |
.67 |
.02 |
.008 |
.003 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 40 |
118 |
47 |
94.500 |
9 |
.10 |
.90 |
.61 |
.03 |
.013 |
.004 |
.02 |
.01 |
| 45 |
62 |
17 |
53.500 |
4 |
.07 |
.93 |
.56 |
.03 |
.009 |
.004 |
.02 |
.01 |
| 50 |
41 |
4 |
39.000 |
10 |
.26 |
.74 |
.42 |
.05 |
.029 |
.008 |
.06 |
.02 |
| 55 |
27 |
1 |
26.500 |
7 |
.26 |
.74 |
.31 |
.05 |
.022 |
.008 |
.06 |
.02 |
| 60 |
19 |
4 |
17.000 |
3 |
.18 |
.82 |
.25 |
.05 |
.011 |
.006 |
.04 |
.02 |
| 65 |
12 |
4 |
10.000 |
4 |
.40 |
.60 |
.15 |
.05 |
.020 |
.009 |
.10 |
.05 |
| 70 |
4 |
3 |
2.500 |
1 |
.40 |
.60 |
.09 |
.06 |
.012 |
.010 |
.10 |
.10 |
| Male |
|
0 |
1002 |
176 |
914.000 |
194 |
.21 |
.79 |
.79 |
.01 |
.042 |
.003 |
.05 |
.00 |
| 5 |
632 |
171 |
546.500 |
22 |
.04 |
.96 |
.76 |
.01 |
.006 |
.001 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 10 |
439 |
102 |
388.000 |
17 |
.04 |
.96 |
.72 |
.02 |
.007 |
.002 |
.01 |
.00 |
| 15 |
320 |
73 |
283.500 |
31 |
.11 |
.89 |
.64 |
.02 |
.016 |
.003 |
.02 |
.00 |
| 20 |
216 |
64 |
184.000 |
17 |
.09 |
.91 |
.58 |
.02 |
.012 |
.003 |
.02 |
.00 |
| 25 |
135 |
39 |
115.500 |
11 |
.10 |
.90 |
.53 |
.03 |
.011 |
.003 |
.02 |
.01 |
| 30 |
85 |
8 |
81.000 |
10 |
.12 |
.88 |
.46 |
.03 |
.013 |
.004 |
.03 |
.01 |
| 35 |
67 |
15 |
59.500 |
7 |
.12 |
.88 |
.41 |
.03 |
.011 |
.004 |
.03 |
.01 |
| 40 |
45 |
16 |
37.000 |
4 |
.11 |
.89 |
.36 |
.04 |
.009 |
.004 |
.02 |
.01 |
| 45 |
25 |
12 |
19.000 |
4 |
.21 |
.79 |
.29 |
.04 |
.015 |
.007 |
.05 |
.02 |
| 50 |
9 |
3 |
7.500 |
1 |
.13 |
.87 |
.25 |
.05 |
.008 |
.007 |
.03 |
.03 |
| 55 |
5 |
2 |
4.000 |
1 |
.25 |
.75 |
.19 |
.07 |
.012 |
.011 |
.06 |
.06 |
| 60 |
2 |
0 |
2.000 |
2 |
1.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.00 |
.037 |
.013 |
.40 |
.00 |
38 weeks 6 days ago
39 weeks 6 days ago
40 weeks 15 hours ago
40 weeks 4 days ago
41 weeks 1 day ago
42 weeks 1 day ago
42 weeks 1 day ago
42 weeks 1 day ago
40 weeks 5 days ago
42 weeks 4 days ago